What Is Political Betting?

Political betting is the practice of placing wagers on the outcomes of political events, including elections, referendums, government formation, leadership changes, and policy decisions. Unlike traditional sports betting, which focuses on athletic competitions, political betting allows punters to stake money on real-world political developments that capture headlines and shape nations.

The term "political betting" has evolved significantly over the past two decades. Once confined to the novelty sections of bookmaker websites—grouped alongside frivolous wagers like the colour of a celebrity's outfit—political betting is now a mainstream market segment with millions of pounds wagered annually on major political events.

Why Has Political Betting Grown in Popularity?

Several factors have contributed to the explosive growth of political betting:

Digital Accessibility: Online betting platforms and prediction markets have democratized political wagering. What once required a visit to a physical betting shop or connections to wealthy betting circles is now available to anyone with an internet connection.

Major Political Events: The 2016 US presidential election, the 2016 Brexit referendum, and subsequent elections worldwide have generated unprecedented interest in political outcomes. These high-stakes events offer compelling narratives and significant odds movements that attract both casual and serious bettors.

Media Amplification: News outlets now regularly cite betting odds as a barometer of public sentiment. This media coverage has legitimized political betting and made it a topic of mainstream discussion, further driving participation.

Improved Odds Quality: Betting exchanges and prediction markets have introduced greater liquidity and tighter odds, making political betting more attractive to sophisticated punters who value competitive pricing.

Regulatory Clarity: In many jurisdictions, particularly the US, the legal status of political prediction markets has become clearer, opening new markets and attracting institutional interest.

Political Betting vs. Novelty Bets: Understanding the Distinction

While political betting and novelty bets both fall outside traditional sports betting, they are fundamentally different.

Novelty bets are wagers on trivial or entertainment-focused outcomes—such as whether a politician will wear a particular colour tie, whether it will rain during an event, or which celebrity will win a reality TV show. These bets are typically offered as gimmicks with poor odds and limited liquidity.

Political betting, by contrast, focuses on substantive political outcomes with real-world significance. These markets attract serious punters, professional traders, and institutional investors. The odds are tighter, the liquidity is deeper, and the research required is more rigorous. Political betting markets often serve as genuine predictive tools, with academics and journalists studying them to forecast election outcomes.

Where Did Political Betting Come From?

The history of political betting stretches back centuries, though it has undergone dramatic transformations in structure, scale, and legitimacy.

Early History of Political Wagering (1800s-1900s)

Political betting is not a modern invention. Historical records indicate that wealthy individuals in 18th and 19th-century Britain engaged in informal wagers on election outcomes, often conducted in private clubs and coffee houses. These were high-stakes, informal affairs, typically involving substantial sums of money and conducted between gentlemen of means.

Bookmakers, who emerged as a profession during the horse racing boom of the 19th century, gradually expanded their services to include political wagers. However, these were considered a minor sideline to their primary business of sports betting. Political betting remained largely unregulated, conducted in back rooms and private establishments, and was often viewed with suspicion by authorities.

The odds were frequently set by experienced bookmakers using intuition, historical knowledge, and informal polling rather than systematic data analysis. The market was illiquid, with wide spreads between backing and laying odds, and was largely inaccessible to ordinary people.

The Shift from Novelty to Mainstream (2000s-2010s)

The digital revolution fundamentally transformed political betting. The emergence of online betting platforms in the early 2000s made political wagering accessible to millions. Betting exchanges like Betfair, launched in 2000, introduced peer-to-peer betting where punters could both back and lay outcomes, creating deeper liquidity and tighter odds.

During the 2005 UK general election and particularly the 2008 US presidential election, political betting gained significant media attention. News organizations began citing betting odds alongside polling data, lending the markets credibility and visibility. The 2016 Brexit referendum and 2016 US presidential election were watershed moments—both events generated unprecedented betting volumes and media scrutiny, with bookmakers reporting record turnover on political markets.

This period also saw academic interest in political betting markets. Researchers began studying whether betting odds were better predictors of election outcomes than traditional opinion polls, leading to a body of literature supporting the predictive power of betting markets.

The Rise of Online Prediction Markets (2010s-Present)

The 2010s witnessed the emergence of specialized prediction markets focused exclusively on political and current events. Platforms like PredictIt (US) and others created markets with tighter odds, greater transparency, and explicit academic missions to harness "wisdom of crowds" for forecasting.

The regulatory environment shifted as well. In the United States, the Commodity Futures Trading Commission (CFTC) clarified that certain prediction market platforms fall under financial derivatives regulation rather than gambling law, opening the door to regulated political betting. This distinction—between gambling and financial derivatives—has become crucial in determining which platforms operate legally in various jurisdictions.

Cryptocurrency and blockchain technology have further democratized political betting, enabling decentralized prediction markets that operate without traditional intermediaries. These platforms offer global access, lower fees, and anonymity, though they operate in a more ambiguous regulatory environment.

Today, political betting is a multi-billion-pound global market, with major bookmakers dedicating entire departments to political markets, and institutional investors viewing political prediction markets as legitimate financial instruments for hedging and speculation.

How Does Political Betting Work?

Understanding the mechanics of political betting requires grasping three key concepts: odds, market dynamics, and the relationship between betting markets and polling data.

Understanding Political Odds

Political odds function identically to sports betting odds—they represent the probability of an outcome occurring, expressed in a standardized format. Three formats are commonly used:

Decimal Odds (most common in UK and Europe): Express the total return for a £1 stake. Odds of 2.50 mean a £1 bet returns £2.50 (a £1.50 profit). To calculate probability: 1 ÷ 2.50 = 0.40 or 40%.

Fractional Odds (traditional British format): Express the profit relative to the stake. Odds of 3/2 mean a £1 bet wins £1.50 profit. To calculate probability: denominator ÷ (numerator + denominator), so 2 ÷ (3+2) = 0.40 or 40%.

Moneyline Odds (primarily US): Negative numbers indicate the favourite (e.g., -200 means stake £200 to win £100), while positive numbers indicate the underdog (e.g., +150 means stake £100 to win £150).

The odds offered by bookmakers and betting exchanges embed a margin (the "overround" or "juice") that ensures the bookmaker profits regardless of the outcome. For example, if odds on two equally likely outcomes sum to more than 100% probability, the bookmaker has built in a profit margin.

Odds Movement and Market Dynamics

Political odds are not static—they change constantly in response to new information. This dynamic pricing reflects the collective wisdom of the betting market.

Several factors drive odds movement:

Polling Data: New poll releases showing one candidate gaining or losing support will shift odds accordingly. A major poll movement can cause 5-10% shifts in odds within hours.

News Events: Political scandals, policy announcements, or unexpected developments can cause dramatic odds swings. The resignation of UK Prime Minister Liz Truss in September 2022 caused a massive shift in UK election odds toward Labour within hours.

Betting Volume: Large bets from professional traders or syndicates can move odds, particularly in less liquid markets. A £1 million bet on a candidate might shift their odds from 2.50 to 2.40 if the market lacks sufficient liquidity to absorb the bet.

Time Decay: As an election approaches, odds typically tighten (move closer to even money) as uncertainty decreases and more information becomes available. An election months away might have odds of 3.0 for the underdog; as election day approaches, those odds might compress to 1.5.

Expert Commentary: Respected analysts or insider commentary can influence betting activity. When prominent political figures or pollsters publicly shift their views, betting markets often react within minutes.

Bookmakers and exchanges actively manage their exposure by adjusting odds to balance their books. If too much money comes in on one outcome, they'll shorten those odds and lengthen the opposing odds to attract contrarian bets and manage risk.

The Role of Polling Data vs. Betting Markets

Political betting odds and opinion polls serve different purposes and often diverge.

Opinion polls ask a representative sample of voters whom they intend to vote for. Polls measure stated preferences at a specific moment in time. They are subject to sampling error, response bias, and the challenge that people sometimes say one thing but do another (the "shy voter" problem).

Betting markets aggregate the actual financial commitments of thousands of participants with real money at stake. Bettors have a financial incentive to be accurate, and those who consistently make poor predictions lose money and exit the market. This creates a natural selection mechanism favoring accuracy.

Research has shown that betting markets are often better predictors of election outcomes than polls, particularly as election day approaches. This is because:

1. Bettors have financial skin in the game, creating stronger incentives for accuracy
2. Betting markets aggregate information from diverse sources, including insider knowledge, statistical analysis, and intuitive judgment
3. Bettors can continuously update their positions as new information arrives, whereas polls are discrete snapshots

However, betting markets can also be wrong. They are subject to information cascades (where early bettors' views disproportionately influence later bettors), herding behaviour, and occasional episodes of irrational exuberance or panic.

What Types of Political Bets Can You Place?

Political betting markets offer far greater variety than most casual bettors realize. Here are the main categories:

Election Winner Bets (Outright Bets)

The most straightforward political bet is wagering on which party or candidate will win an election. These are called "outright" bets because they have a single, definitive outcome.

Examples include:

• Which party will win the UK general election?
• Who will win the US presidential election?
• Which party will win the most seats in a parliament?

Outright bets typically offer odds ranging from 1.5 (strong favourite) to 10.0+ (long-shot outsider). The odds reflect both the perceived probability of winning and the betting market's assessment of relative chances.

Seat and Majority Bets

In parliamentary systems, bettors can wager on the number of seats a party will win or whether a party will achieve an overall majority.

Examples include:

• Will the Labour Party win 300+ seats in the UK general election?
• Will any party win an outright majority in the German Bundestag?
• How many seats will the Conservatives win (with betting brackets like 0-50, 51-100, 101-150, etc.)?

These bets are more nuanced than simple winner bets because they require predicting not just which party will win, but by how much. Seat bets often offer better odds for informed bettors who have detailed electoral analysis.

Leadership and Succession Bets

Political leadership is volatile, and bettors can wager on who will lead parties or nations.

Examples include:

• Who will be the next Prime Minister of the UK?
• Who will be the next leader of the Conservative Party?
• Will a particular Prime Minister still be in office in 12 months?

Leadership bets can be highly volatile because they depend on internal party dynamics, personal scandals, and unexpected political developments. A party leadership contest can generate odds ranging from 2.0 for the clear favourite to 50.0+ for long-shot candidates.

Referendum and Policy Outcome Bets

Bettors can wager on the outcomes of referendums and major policy decisions.

Examples include:

• Will the UK rejoin the EU?
• Will Scotland hold an independence referendum within five years?
• Will the UK raise the national minimum wage above £15 per hour?

These bets are often longer-term and more speculative, with odds that can shift dramatically as political circumstances change.

Novelty and Speculative Bets

While most political betting focuses on substantive outcomes, bookmakers also offer novelty political bets on trivial or entertainment-focused aspects of politics.

Examples include:

• What colour tie will the Prime Minister wear during a specific speech?
• Will a particular politician appear on a reality TV show?
• Will a specific word be used in a political speech?

These novelty bets typically offer poor odds and serve more as entertainment than serious wagering opportunities. Most serious political bettors focus on substantive outcome bets rather than novelty wagers.

How Is Political Betting Different from Sports Betting?

While political betting and sports betting share similar mechanics and terminology, they differ in fundamental ways that affect how odds are set, how they move, and how predictable they are.

Key Mechanical Differences

Frequency of Events: Sports betting focuses on recurring events (football matches every week, cricket series regularly). Political events are far less frequent—a general election occurs every 4-5 years, referendums are rare, and leadership changes are unpredictable. This lower frequency means political betting markets have less data to work with and remain open for extended periods, sometimes years before resolution.

Number of Outcomes: Most sports bets involve binary or limited outcomes (Team A wins, Team B wins, or draw). Political elections can involve many candidates or parties, creating more complex markets. However, some political bets (e.g., Brexit: Remain/Leave) are as binary as sports bets.

Market Participants: Sports betting attracts casual fans, professional bettors, and syndicates. Political betting attracts these groups plus academic researchers, political insiders, and institutional investors viewing political markets as financial instruments.

Data Sources and Prediction Methods

Sports Betting: Odds setters use team statistics (past performance, player injuries, head-to-head records), expert analysis, and betting activity. The data is quantitative and historical—we can analyze how teams perform under specific conditions.

Political Betting: Odds setters use polling data, historical election results, demographic analysis, expert political commentary, and betting activity. Political data is less quantitative and more subject to unprecedented events. A political scandal or economic shock can render historical data obsolete.

Sports odds setters can rely on statistical models built from decades of data. Political odds setters must incorporate qualitative judgment because political events are less predictable from historical patterns alone.

Volatility and Odds Movement

Sports Betting: Odds for a football match between two evenly matched teams typically remain relatively stable from when they're first offered until the match kicks off. The odds might shift 5-10% based on team news (injuries, form), but dramatic swings are rare.

Political Betting: Political odds are far more volatile. A single news event—a scandal, a policy announcement, a poll showing a dramatic shift—can cause odds to move 20-30% or more within hours. A political betting market can remain open for months or years, during which countless events can shift sentiment.

This volatility creates both opportunities and risks for bettors. It offers the possibility of finding value in mispriced odds, but it also means positions can move against you rapidly.

Is Political Betting Legal?

The legal status of political betting varies significantly by jurisdiction and has evolved substantially in recent years.

UK Regulation and Licensing

In the United Kingdom, political betting is fully legal and regulated. The UK Gambling Commission licenses and oversees all betting operators, including those offering political markets. Licensed UK bookmakers such as Betfair, Paddy Power, and others openly offer political betting with full regulatory approval.

Political betting in the UK is subject to the same regulations as sports betting:

• Operators must hold a valid Gambling Commission license
• Operators must implement responsible gambling measures (deposit limits, self-exclusion options)
• Operators must conduct anti-money laundering checks
• Operators must segregate customer funds

The UK has been a global leader in political betting, with major bookmakers dedicating substantial resources to political markets and the Financial Times and BBC regularly citing UK betting odds in political coverage.

US Legal Status

The legal status of political betting in the United States is more complex and has changed recently.

Traditionally, political betting was prohibited or heavily restricted in the US, with authorities viewing it as gambling rather than legitimate financial activity. However, this changed following a 2022 ruling by the Commodity Futures Trading Commission (CFTC), which clarified that certain prediction market platforms fall under financial derivatives regulation rather than gambling law.

This distinction is crucial: prediction markets are treated as financial instruments (similar to futures contracts), while gambling is subject to different regulations. Under this framework:

• Platforms like Kalshi and Crypto.com offer legal political prediction markets to US residents
• These are regulated as derivatives exchanges by the CFTC, not as gambling operations
• Participants are trading contracts rather than placing bets

However, traditional sportsbooks and betting exchanges offering political betting to US residents remain in a legal grey area and are generally not available to US customers.

International Variations

Political betting is legal and regulated in many countries including Australia, Canada, and much of Europe. However, regulations vary:

• Some countries allow unrestricted political betting
• Some restrict it to licensed operators only
• Some prohibit it entirely or severely restrict it
• Some treat it as financial derivatives rather than gambling

Before engaging in political betting, bettors should verify the legal status in their jurisdiction and use only licensed, regulated platforms.

How Accurate Are Political Betting Markets?

A central question for anyone considering political betting is: How reliable are these markets as predictors of political outcomes?

Betting Markets vs. Polling Accuracy

Academic research has consistently shown that betting markets are often more accurate predictors of election outcomes than opinion polls, particularly as election day approaches.

A landmark study by Leigh and Wolfers (2006) analysed betting markets and polling data from US presidential elections and found that betting markets were superior predictors. Subsequent research on European elections has reached similar conclusions.

Why are betting markets more accurate?

1. Financial Incentive: People with money at stake have stronger motivation to be accurate than survey respondents with no stake in the outcome
2. Continuous Updates: Betting markets update in real-time as new information arrives, whereas polls are discrete snapshots
3. Information Aggregation: Betting markets aggregate diverse information sources—statistical analysis, insider knowledge, expert judgment—into a single price
4. Market Discipline: Bettors who consistently make poor predictions lose money and exit; this selection mechanism favours accuracy

However, betting markets are not infallible. They can be wrong, sometimes dramatically.

Historical Accuracy of Major Predictions

2016 Brexit Referendum: Betting markets gave Remain approximately 66% probability on the eve of the referendum, while most polls showed a tight race. Leave won 52-48. The betting market was wrong but not egregiously so—it was closer to the mark than some polls.

2016 US Presidential Election: Betting markets and polls were both caught off-guard by Trump's victory. Most betting markets gave Trump 20-30% probability; some polls showed him at 10-15%. Trump's victory was a genuine surprise to both markets and pollsters, though betting markets' 20-30% estimate was more accurate than the lowest poll estimates.

2024 UK General Election: Betting markets correctly predicted a Labour landslide months in advance. Odds on Labour winning a majority shortened from around 2.5 in early 2023 to 1.15 by election day, accurately reflecting the party's consistent polling lead.

2024 US Presidential Election: Betting markets and polls showed a competitive race, with odds shifting dramatically throughout the campaign. The eventual winner was correctly assessed as a genuine toss-up by betting markets.

Why Markets Can Be Wrong

Political betting markets are subject to several sources of error:

Black Swan Events: Unexpected political developments—scandals, health crises, major policy announcements—can invalidate months of betting market consensus. The resignation of Liz Truss as UK Prime Minister after 50 days in office was a genuine surprise that caught betting markets off-guard.

Information Asymmetry: Insiders with non-public information (party strategists, political operatives) may have superior information, creating opportunities for informed bettors but also introducing bias if insiders' views are not representative of the broader electorate.

Herding Behaviour: Betting markets can exhibit herd mentality, where early bettors' views disproportionately influence later bettors, creating self-reinforcing trends that may not reflect underlying reality.

Irrational Exuberance or Panic: Betting markets can overshoot, with odds moving too far in one direction due to emotion rather than rational assessment. This creates opportunities for contrarian bettors but also means markets can be temporarily mispriced.

Polling Error: Betting markets rely partly on polling data, so if polls are systematically wrong, betting markets inherit that error.

How Do You Start Political Betting?

For those interested in entering political betting, the process is straightforward, though success requires research and discipline.

Choosing a Betting Platform

Several types of platforms offer political betting:

Traditional Bookmakers: Licensed UK bookmakers like Paddy Power, Betfair, and others offer political betting alongside sports betting. Advantages include established reputations, regulatory oversight, and customer support. Disadvantages include relatively high margins built into odds.

Betting Exchanges: Exchanges like Betfair allow peer-to-peer betting where you can both back and lay outcomes. Exchanges typically offer tighter odds and greater flexibility but require more understanding of how they work.

Prediction Markets: Platforms like Kalshi (US) and others specialize in political and event prediction markets. These offer transparent pricing and regulatory clarity but may have lower liquidity than traditional bookmakers.

When choosing a platform, consider:

• Regulatory Status: Ensure the platform is licensed and regulated in your jurisdiction
• Odds Quality: Compare odds across platforms—even small differences compound over many bets
• Market Variety: Does the platform offer the specific political markets you want to bet on?
• Liquidity: Can you get your bets matched at reasonable odds, or will you struggle to find counterparties?
• User Interface: Is the platform easy to navigate?
• Customer Support: Is responsive support available if issues arise?

Understanding Your Bankroll

Successful betting requires disciplined bankroll management.

Set a Budget: Decide how much money you can afford to lose without impacting your financial security. This is your betting bankroll—money you can afford to lose entirely.

Stake Sizing: Professional bettors typically stake 1-5% of their bankroll on each bet. This means you can absorb losses without going broke. If your bankroll is £1,000, a 2% stake is £20 per bet.

Avoid Chasing Losses: One of the most common mistakes is increasing stakes after losses to "get even." This is a recipe for disaster. Stick to your predetermined stake size regardless of recent results.

Track Your Bets: Keep detailed records of all bets—what you bet on, when, at what odds, and the outcome. This allows you to analyse your performance and identify where you're making mistakes.

Common Beginner Mistakes

Overconfidence: New bettors often overestimate their ability to predict political outcomes. Remember that professional traders and academics have studied these markets extensively. Your edge, if any, is likely small.

Poor Research: Placing bets based on casual opinions or media narratives rather than systematic analysis is a recipe for losses. Successful political betting requires understanding polling methodologies, historical election data, and political dynamics.

Betting on Novelty Outcomes: Novelty political bets offer terrible odds. The margin built into odds on trivial outcomes (like the colour of a tie) is enormous. Avoid these unless you're betting for pure entertainment.

Ignoring Regulatory Risk: In jurisdictions where political betting's legal status is unclear, you risk having your account closed or winnings confiscated. Stick to licensed, regulated platforms.

Emotional Betting: Betting based on your political preferences rather than objective analysis is a costly mistake. Just because you want a candidate to win doesn't mean the betting odds are mispriced.

Betting on Long-Term Outcomes: Political betting markets are most efficient and accurate close to the event. Betting on outcomes years in advance is speculative and risky.

What Are the Risks of Political Betting?

Like all forms of gambling, political betting carries risks that should be understood before participating.

Financial Risk and Loss

The most obvious risk is losing money. Betting is a zero-sum game (or negative-sum when accounting for bookmaker margins)—for every winner, there's a loser.

Even if your predictions are accurate more often than not, you can still lose money if:

• You stake too much on individual bets
• You bet at poor odds that don't reflect the true probability
• You experience an unlucky run of losses (variance)
• You fail to account for bookmaker margins

Political betting markets are efficient, meaning finding value (odds that are better than the true probability) is difficult. Most casual bettors will lose money over time.

Problem Gambling Concerns

Political betting can become problematic, particularly for individuals with gambling vulnerabilities. Warning signs include:

• Betting more than you can afford to lose
• Chasing losses by increasing stakes
• Neglecting other responsibilities to bet
• Becoming emotionally distressed by betting outcomes
• Lying to family or friends about betting

Problem gambling can have serious consequences for mental health, relationships, and financial security.

Responsible Betting Practices

If you choose to engage in political betting, these practices reduce harm:

Set Limits: Establish a monthly betting budget and stick to it. Many platforms allow you to set deposit limits that prevent you from wagering more than a predetermined amount.

Self-Exclusion: If you feel your betting is becoming problematic, use self-exclusion tools that prevent you from accessing betting platforms for a set period.

Seek Support: If you develop problem gambling, resources like Gamblers Anonymous and the National Problem Gambling Clinic (in the UK) offer confidential support.

Bet for Entertainment: Approach political betting as entertainment with an associated cost, not as a way to make money. If you expect to lose, you won't be disappointed when you do.

Avoid Chasing: Never increase stakes to recover losses. Accept losses and move on.

Take Breaks: Regular breaks from betting reduce the risk of developing problematic patterns.

Frequently Asked Questions

What is political betting? Political betting is wagering on the outcomes of political events, including elections, referendums, government formation, and policy decisions. Unlike sports betting, which focuses on athletic competitions, political betting allows punters to stake money on real-world political developments.

How does political betting work? Political betting works similarly to sports betting. Bookmakers or exchanges offer odds representing the probability of political outcomes. Bettors stake money on outcomes, and if correct, receive a payout based on the odds. Odds move in response to new information, polling data, betting volume, and time decay as events approach.

Where can I bet on politics? In the UK, licensed bookmakers like Paddy Power, Betfair, and others offer political betting. In the US, prediction market platforms like Kalshi and Crypto.com offer legal political prediction markets. Availability varies by jurisdiction—verify the legal status in your location before betting.

Is political betting legal? Political betting is legal and regulated in the UK, Australia, Canada, and many other countries. In the US, prediction markets are legal under CFTC regulation, though traditional gambling-style political betting is restricted. Legal status varies by jurisdiction—always verify before participating.

How do political betting odds work? Political odds represent the probability of an outcome and the potential payout. Decimal odds of 2.50 mean a £1 bet returns £2.50 total (£1.50 profit). The odds embed a bookmaker margin, ensuring the bookmaker profits regardless of the outcome.

What can you bet on in politics? You can bet on election winners, seat counts, leadership changes, referendum outcomes, policy decisions, and numerous other political events. Some bookmakers also offer novelty bets on trivial political outcomes, though these typically offer poor odds.

How is political betting different from sports betting? Political events are less frequent, have less historical data available, and are more volatile than sports events. Political betting markets are often more accurate predictors than polls because bettors have financial incentives to be accurate. Odds tend to be more volatile in political markets.

What is a political event contract? A political event contract is a derivative product offered by prediction markets. It's a simple yes/no contract that settles at £1 if correct or £0 if incorrect. You buy contracts at prices between £0.01 and £0.99, with prices reflecting the market's assessment of probability.

Can you make money from political betting? Theoretically yes, but practically difficult. Betting markets are efficient, meaning odds accurately reflect probabilities. Most casual bettors lose money over time. Professional bettors with superior research capabilities and disciplined bankroll management may achieve positive returns, but this requires skill and discipline.

How accurate are political betting markets? Research shows betting markets are often more accurate predictors of election outcomes than opinion polls, particularly as election day approaches. However, they can be wrong, especially when unexpected events occur. Betting markets are imperfect but generally reliable indicators of political sentiment.

Related Terms

• Novelty bet
• Specials
• Outright